While many assume that learning to use computers is just a matter of experience and training, new research from Finland suggests otherwise. A collaborative study by Aalto University and the University of Helsinki reveals that a person’s cognitive abilities—like memory, attention, and reasoning—may be even more critical than experience when it comes to handling digital tasks efficiently.
The study challenges the traditional belief that familiarity with technology guarantees proficiency. Instead, researchers found that an individual’s general intelligence plays a central role in their ability to navigate common computer-related tasks. In other words, simply spending time on a device doesn’t ensure improvement—what’s going on in your head matters more than how many hours you’ve logged.
Professor Antti Oulasvirta of Aalto University, a leading expert in human-computer interaction, emphasized that this research marks the first strong evidence linking mental capabilities directly with digital performance. “Our findings show that cognitive abilities independently and significantly influence a person’s ability to use a computer. They are just as vital as experience,” he explained.
The implications of this are wide-reaching, especially in the context of digital inequality. As digital interfaces become more complex, people who lack the cognitive tools to manage them can be left behind, even if they’ve had training. According to Oulasvirta, this highlights a growing need to redesign interfaces with simplicity and accessibility in mind. “We’ve strayed from the goal of user-friendly design, and now these complicated interfaces are contributing to the digital divide,” he added.
The study tested individuals across multiple age groups using 18 different tasks that reflect real-world digital use. These included activities like installing software, browsing, using spreadsheets, and completing online forms. Importantly, this was not based on self-reporting—a method often criticized for overestimating users’ actual abilities. Instead, participants’ performances were objectively measured, giving researchers more accurate insight into what truly affects digital competence.
Dr. Viljami Salmela, a lecturer at the University of Helsinki and co-author of the study, highlighted the importance of this approach. “People often think they’re better at using computers than they actually are. By observing their real performance, we gained a clearer understanding of the challenges they face.”
One of the most striking revelations was the specific types of cognitive skills that matter most. While quick reaction times may help in gaming, everyday computer use relies more on executive functions—such as organizing steps in the correct order—working memory, and sustained attention. “It’s not just about being good at math or logic. It’s more about managing tasks, staying focused, and remembering what you’ve done,” said Salmela.
Interestingly, the research also found that different kinds of applications demand different cognitive skills. For instance, spreadsheet tools like Excel benefit from hands-on practice, while search engines require strong language comprehension. Online banking tasks, which often involve multiple steps and decision-making, depend heavily on executive functioning.
Despite these cognitive factors, the study still confirmed that age is the single strongest predictor of digital ability. Older participants consistently took longer to complete tasks and reported feeling more fatigued by them. This reinforces existing concerns about how aging populations may struggle to keep up in a world that’s becoming more digitally dependent by the day.
These findings underline the urgent need to design technology that caters to a broader range of users. With society increasingly reliant on digital tools for everything from banking to healthcare, ensuring accessibility is not just a matter of convenience—it’s a matter of equity.
Ultimately, the study reframes how we think about digital literacy. While training and practice remain valuable, they might not be enough on their own. True digital competence, it seems, hinges on the brain’s ability to manage complex information, maintain focus, and adapt to unfamiliar tasks—abilities that vary significantly from person to person.
As technology continues to evolve, these insights could inform how future devices and interfaces are developed, with a renewed focus on simplicity and inclusivity. Because if intelligence, not just experience, determines success in the digital age, then it’s time to rethink how we bridge the gap for those left behind.
